Their eyes were watching god Essay Example

Their eyes were watching god Paper Hurst has a happy ending Weldon describes. Jeanie in the end reconciliations and reassess herself spiritually. When Janis?s final husband of this book dies she really gets love. All of what shes been through has really taught her what love really is. She says, Love is lack De sea. Its uh moving thing, but still and all, it takes its shape from De here it meets, and its different with every 191). Not that the ending is joyful and ecstatic but the ending is enlightening to Jeanie. An enlightening ending is an ending that may not leave you happy for the main character but it doesnt leave you with a bad taste in your mouth. Genies enlightenment about love and her life is something she will carry on for the rest of her life. Genies quest for true love satisfies her by the end of the book. There isnt any point in trying to search for true love because she already found it and it dies with Teacake. We will write a custom essay sample on Their eyes were watching god specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Their eyes were watching god specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Their eyes were watching god specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Genies hunger for love stretches across three long marriages. This can be compared to a super bowl team after they win the super bowl. The super bowl team is already the best in the world so whats the point in trying again? Jeanie has come through a huge moral development since the beginning. This is also one of the parts in Welders happy ending. At the beginning Jeanie believes that true love will appear after marriage and that it doesnt happen fore (thanks to her grandmother). Her second marriage was a different moral development, one that strengthened her to find a good man. The last marriage developed her into what true love is really about. This entire book boils down into a Weldon happy ending. It involves moral development, spiritual reassessment, and reconciliation. Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Example Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Their Eyes Were Watching God: Analysis of Symbols Throughout the course of Their Eyes Were Watching God, written by Zora Neale Hurston, one learns about the struggles of marriage, love, identity and freedom through the character of Janie Mae Crawford, a young woman striving to find what she feels to be the perfect marriage. Hurston uses many symbols in this novel to describe the characters as well as the circumstances. Many of Janie’s experiences are based on some type of symbol that displays her outlook on different situations. Hurston shows symbolism though Janie’s head rags, nature and the pear tree and the hurricane. The head rags in this novel symbolize conformity and control. Janie, being born with a mixed ancestral background, has the features of both a woman of color, as well as a Caucasian woman. This brings both positive and negative feedback from people who live around her and her three husbands. The one who, in a way, envies her hair the most is her second husband, Mayor Joe Starks. He is obsessed with power and dominance and he feels that Janie is only there to make him look superior as the mayor of Eatonville. We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Janie is required to work at the store, Jody also forces her to tie up her hair in rags to keep her naturally long, Caucasian like textured hair. He uses the head rags to show Janie and the others around the store that he is still in control. He does not want anyone getting close enough to Janie that could influence her to leave him. Also, with Janie’s hair tied up around the store, her power is taken from her. Joe makes it clear to Janie that she would be nothing without him forcing her to stay and do whatever he asked of her; even if she did not agree with it. Janie is embarrassed by the head rags and does not feel that she can do anything to change the situation. Therefore, she submits herself to Joe’s power and control. No longer is Janie a woman with a voice. She does only what she is told. By wearing the head rags, she does what is accepted to keep Joe happy; even if she is not. Once Joe is about to die, Janie finally stands up for herself and what she believes. This makes Jody angry because he feels that he is losing the battle. When he dies, Janie pulls off the head rag and exposes what had been hidden inside for so long. She marvels at her own beauty and ultimately the power she lost during her marriage with Jody through those simple head rags. The removal of the head rag symbolizes the gain of independence. â€Å"She tore off the kerchief from her head and let down her plentiful hair. The weight, the length, the glory was there† (108). She is not in Jody’s control any longer. For Janie, the head rags were a sign that she was not an individual, but a help mate. Hurston’s use of nature and the pear tree helps to symbolize Janie’s approach to womanhood as well as her view of love and her connection with nature. Hurston vividly illustrates†¦ the image of the blossoming pear tree kissed by singing bees, which is Janie’s picture of romantic love† (Williams 1869). For Janie, the blossoming pear tree was the perfect picture of love and marriage. When Janie goes to watch the bees from under the tree, she looks up and feels that she knows what marriage was suppose d to be about. â€Å"So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation† (28). Janie found herself intrigued by the pear tree and the bees that pollinated the tree. From this point on in the story, Janie searches for the perfect love as displayed by the pear tree. This pear tree, as well as nature, symbolizes the connection she feels to nature. When the storm in the Everglades arrives, she realizes that it is time to leave because of the way she connected with nature. From her early womanhood, she held a connection to the earth that she felt she could not part with. â€Å"She had been spending every minute that she could steal from her chores under that tree for the last three days†¦ It had called her to come and gaze on a mystery†¦ It stirred her tremendously† (27). This shows that Janie had been interested in nature from a very young age. Whenever she was angry or upset, she went to the river or back to the tree to find comfort and peace. Other than Pheoby Watson, this was basically her only friend. The hurricane represents death and destruction. After the hurricane, death filled the street and water. So much had been destroyed by the hurricane and only the wreckage was left behind. In chapter 19, Hurston refers to the hurricane as â€Å"the time of dying† (192). The raging wind and rain had destroyed whole towns in its wrath and those who survived now had to clean up what the storm had left behind. Saw the hand of horror on everything. Houses without roofs, and roofs without houses. Steel and stone all crushed and crumbled like wood. The mother of malice had trifled with men† (193). Tea Cake and many other men were put to work to find and separate the bodies of those who did not survive and put them into graves as to get them out of the streets and the sewer system. Tea Cake, however, just wanted to go b ack to the muck and start working again. The Woods could only stand back and look at the damage. The hurricane had destroyed almost everything in its path. Havoc was there with her mouth wide open. Back in the Everglades the wind had romped among lakes and trees. In the city it had raged among the houses and men. Tea Cake and Janie stood on the edge of things and looked over the desolation† (190). The hurricane destroyed everything. Not only did the hurricane bring death to the cities and towns, but it also brought the death of Janie’s third husband and their marriage. During the storm, Tea Cake had been bitten in the face b y a rabid dog while trying to save Janie’s life. Tea Cake does get the proper medical attention and the rabies starts to take over his state of mind. Janie kills Tea Cake in order to save her own life. If it had not been for the storm, Tea Cake would most likely still be free of rabies and Janie would not have shot him. Hurston shows many types of death through the storm. She shows that nothing can escape death through this storm. In retrospect, Zora Neale Hurston uses multiple symbols throughout this novel to explain Janie’s feelings and behavior and the feelings and behaviors of others. Janie’s head rags signify that she is trapped and much like a slave, she will do what she is told in order to keep peace. The pear tree and nature help to show Janie’s deep connection with the earth. The pear tree is Janie’s way of knowing what love is. Hurston’s use of the hurricane symbolizes the death of many parts of life; physically, spiritually and emotionally. Without the use of these symbols in vivid detail, many of the events that take place in this novel would be misunderstood and misinterpreted. It is very clear that symbols play an important role in literature. It makes the reader become interested in the words and help them make connections with real life situations. Most would characterize that as a very well written story. Every good novel should have some type of symbol. It makes reading all the difference. Works Cited Cupp, Jeff. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Masterplots II. Ed. Tyrone Williams. Rev. ed. Vol. 4. African American Literature Series. New Jersey: Salem, 2009. 1868-73. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New Jersey: Macro Book, 2004. Print.

Constructing Reality essays

Constructing Reality essays A documentary is a piece of work presenting political, social, or historical subjects in a factual and informative manner. I believe a proper documentary should present facts objectively without prejudices, should not combine fiction with factual information, and must be truthful. The truth presented in a documentary should be the whole truth, not just a bias presentation of selective information. Through our Constructing Reality unit we have learned this is not the case, and that documentaries can be bias and manipulated into the filmmakers creative vision of reality. A documentary should consist of actual news films or interviews accompanied by narration. To preserve the truth of a story a documentary should not present factual evidence in the form of a re-creation like in Our Marilyn. Brenda Longfellow (the director) juxtaposed images of Marilyn Monroe with what I believed was genuine footage of Marilyn Bell swimming across Lake Ontario. The genuine footage was in actuality film of Brenda Longfellow which was then re-worked to appear antique and authentic. This re-creation may seem small and insignificant but it is still the filmmakers assumption of how factual events occurred. I feel re-creations would be more acceptable in docu-dramas then in a true documentary, because simply they dilute the truth and guess specific details. It is astonishingly simple how a good editor can create a fictional story by carefully arranging and manipulating reliable and factual information. This point is best illustrated in The Edit, a film showing how two different people can manipulate footage into different poles of the reality. The Edit was fascinating in that the simple removing of keys words and parts of a conversation can dramatically alter the perception we have of the man being interrogated. Editing especially in interviews should have guidelines to ensure fairness and pre...

First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-1842

First Anglo-Afghan War, 1839-1842 During the nineteenth century, two large European empires vied for dominance in Central Asia. In what was called the Great Game, the Russian Empire moved south while the British Empire moved north from its so-called crown jewel, colonial India. Their interests collided in Afghanistan, resulting in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1839 to 1842. Background to the First Anglo-Afghan War In the years leading up to this conflict, both the British and Russians approached Afghanistans Emir Dost Mohammad Khan, hoping to form an alliance with him. Britains Governor-General of India, George Eden (Lord Auckland), grew extremely concerned with he heard that a Russian envoy had arrived in Kabul in 1838; his agitation increased when talks broke down between the Afghan ruler and the Russians, signaling the possibility of a Russian invasion. Lord Auckland decided to strike first in order to forestall a Russian attack. He justified this approach in a document known as the Simla Manifesto of October 1839. The manifesto states that in order to secure a trustworthy ally to the west of British India, British troops would enter Afghanistan to support Shah Shuja in his attempts to retake the throne from Dost Mohammad. The British werent invading Afghanistan, according to Auckland- just helping out a deposed friend and preventing foreign interference (from Russia). The British Invade Afghanistan In December of 1838, a British East India Company force of 21,000 mainly Indian troops began to march northwest from Punjab. They crossed the mountains in the dead of winter, arriving at Quetta, Afghanistan in March of 1839. The British easily captured Quetta and Qandahar and then routed Dost Mohammads army in July. The emir fled to Bukhara via Bamyan, and the British reinstalled Shah Shuja on the throne thirty years after he had lost it to Dost Mohammad. Well satisfied with this easy victory, the British withdrew, leaving 6,000 troops to prop up Shujas regime. Dost Mohammad, however, was not ready to give up so easily, and in 1840 he mounted a counter-attack from Bukhara, in what is now Uzbekistan. The British had to rush reinforcements back into Afghanistan; they managed to capture Dost Mohammad and brought him to India as a prisoner. Dost Mohammads son, Mohammad Akbar, began to rally Afghan fighters to his side in the summer and autumn of 1841 from his base in Bamyan. Afghan discontent with the continued presence of foreign troops mounted, leading to the assassination of Captain Alexander Burnes and his aides in Kabul on November 2, 1841; the British did not retaliate against the mob that killed Captain Burnes, encouraging further anti-British action. Meanwhile, in an effort to soothe his angry subjects, Shah Shuja made the fateful decision that he no longer needed British support. General William Elphinstone and the 16,500 British and Indian troops on Afghan soil agreed to begin their withdrawal from Kabul on January 1, 1842. As they made their way through the winter-bound mountains toward Jalalabad, on January 5th a contingent of Ghilzai (Pashtun) warriors attacked the ill-prepared British lines. The British East India troops were strung out along the mountain path, struggling through two feet of snow. In the melee that followed, the Afghans killed almost all of the British and Indian soldiers and camp followers. A small handful was taken, prisoner. The British doctor William Brydon famously managed to ride his injured horse through the mountains and report the disaster to British authorities in Jalalabad. He and eight captured prisoners were the only ethnic British survivors out of about 700 who set out from Kabul. Just a few months after the massacre of Elphinstones army by Mohammad Akbars forces, the new leaders agents assassinated the unpopular and now defenseless Shah Shuja. Furious about the massacre of their Kabul garrison, the British East India Company troops in Peshawar and Qandahar marched on Kabul, rescuing several British prisoners and burning down the Great Bazaar in retaliation. This further enraged the Afghans, who set aside ethnolinguistic differences and united to drive the British out of their capital city. Lord Auckland, whose brain-child the original invasion had been, next concocted a plan to storm Kabul with a much larger force and establish permanent British rule there. However, he had a stroke in 1842 and was replaced as Governor-General of India by Edward Law, Lord Ellenborough, who had a mandate to restore peace to Asia. Lord Ellenborough released Dost Mohammad from prison in Calcutta without fanfare, and the Afghan emir retook his throne in Kabul. Consequences of the First Anglo-Afghan War Following this great victory over the British, Afghanistan maintained its independence and continued to play the two European powers off of each other for three more decades. In the meantime, the Russians conquered much of Central Asia up to the Afghan border, seizing what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The people of what is now Turkmenistan were the last vanquished by the Russians, at the Battle of Geoktepe in 1881. Alarmed by the tsars expansionism, Britain kept a wary eye on Indias northern borders. In 1878, they would invade Afghanistan once again, sparking the Second Anglo-Afghan War. As for the people of Afghanistan, the first war with the British reconfirmed their distrust of foreign powers and their intense dislike of foreign troops on Afghan soil. British army chaplain Reverand G.R. Gleig wrote in 1843 that the First Anglo-Afghan War was begun for no wise purpose, carried on with a strange mixture of rashness and timidity, [and] brought to a close after suffering and disaster, without much glory attached either to the government which directed, or the great body of troops which waged it. It seems safe to assume that Dost Mohammad, Mohammad Akbar, and the majority of Afghan people were much better pleased by the outcome.

Microeconomics Monopoly and Competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconomics Monopoly and Competition - Essay Example This cannot be the case in competition because competitive markets many firms produce differentiated products that can be substitutes to each. Given that they manage large market share without competition, monopoly firms charge relatively high prices for their products compared to firms in a competitive market. In regards to this, Simpson (2010) explains that firms with monopoly power restrict the amount of output that they produce in order to raise prices of that output. They then set the prices based on their production costs in relation to quantity of output. Without the presence of close substitutes to their products and the high prices, monopoly firm are able to enjoy super-normal profits which are maximized when the marginal cost of production equals marginal revenue. The efforts to implement their pricing policies, monopolies cause inefficiencies in the market which include reduction in consumer welfare. The consumer welfare enjoyed through the prices in a competitive market reduces when the prices of monopolies apply (Simpson, 2010). This is what leads to dead weight which is illustrated in the graph 1 below. In a competitive market, the price of products is at the point where the marginal cost (MC) equals to market price which corresponds to price P. based on this price level, consumers in the competitive market will enjoy a large consumer welfare which is represent by area EBF in the graph. Monopolist should then set their prices where profits are maximum and that the point C in the graph where marginal cost equals marginal revenue (MR). However, monopolists will instead set their prices at a higher point based on the average revenue (AR) which is shown in the graph as point A which corresponds to price P1 higher than P which the competition price. The high prices set by monopoly firms will then reduce the consumer welfare and result in other inefficiencies in the market. The consumer which is represented by

Mechanical and structure factors in aviation safety Essay

Mechanical and structure factors in aviation safety - Essay Example The first flight lasted 12 sec, but later flights on the same day were a little longer; a safe landing was made after each attempt. The machine was a biplane (an airplane with two main supporting surfaces, or wings) with two propellers chain-driven by a gasoline motor (answers.com 2004)." Since then, the idea of having a safe travel by air is a myth no more. A lot of developments have been made and people from all over the globe were fascinated by the idea of having their travel via air. During these developments, it was also made to the knowledge of many that travel by air is much faster than transportations both in land and in water. With the demand surging continuously, the development of Airplane as a means of transportation was embraced. Up to present wherein a lot of models where introduced transporting tremendous amount of goods and people are being transported day after the other, flight or aviation safety is still a vital concern for the people who utilize airplanes and other related air transport vessels. For several years, air mishaps, crashes, engine malfunctioning has been recorded and was attributed for the loss of properties, resources and lives over the past several years. Due to these kinds of incidents, a lot of experts has been studying how to lessen and to formally eradicate this kind of tragedies by formulating remedies to solve these kinds of queries. Baron R (2005) has reported several aviation tragedies that were recorded and was regarded as the worst in the history. "In 1977, at Tenerife in the Canary Islands, heavy accents and improper terminology among a Dutch KLM crew, an American Pan Am crew and a Spanish air traffic controller led to the worst aviation disaster in history, in which 583 pass engers perished " and "In 1990, Colombian Avianca pilots in a holding pattern over Kennedy Airport told controllers that their 707 was low on fuel. The crew should have stated they had a "fuel emergency," which would have given them immediate clearance to land. Instead, the crew declared a "minimum fuel" condition and the plane ran out of fuel, crashing and killing 72 people." While the aforementioned examples deals with either pilot error or ignorance with some aircraft devices, we cannot also discredit the fact that some aircraft mishaps were due to mechanical failures of the aircraft and sometimes lead into horrible accidents. Mechanical and structure factors in aviation safety 3 Before venturing into air accidents and tragedies caused by mechanical malfunction, it is vital to know the mechanical structure of an airplane for the awareness and analysis of the factors that might trigger accidents during flights and on-ground instances. "The airplane has six main parts-fuselage, wings, stabilizer (or tail plane), rudder, one or more engines, and landing gear. The fuselage is the main body of the machine, customarily streamlined in form. It usually contains control equipment, and space for passengers and cargo. The wings are the main supporting surfaces. Modern airplanes are monoplanes (airplanes with one wing) and may be high-wing, mid-wing, or low-wing (relative to the bottom of the fuselage). At the trailing edge of the wings are auxiliary hinged surfaces known as ailerons that are used to gain lateral control and to turn

The water loss from leaves through stomata Essay Example for Free

The water loss from leaves through stomata Essay Analysis conclusion As you can see from the table of results leaf 4 lost the least amount of water. Leaf 4 lost the most water because it had no petroleum jelly covering the stomata. This meant water vapour could diffuse from the leaf. My prediction was correct. However I also stated that leaf 3 would lose just as much water as leaf 1. I was incorrect. This was an anomalous result. Leaf 1 lost the least amount of water because it was covered in petroleum jelly. The water vapour, which is formed, was not allowed to diffuse into the air because petroleum jelly is non-permeable. My prediction was correct. This was be However I also stated that leaf 3 would lose as much water as leaf 4 but I was incorrect as leaf 4 lost more water. This was an anomalous result. In the result there are no patterns or trends. In the experiment I discovered that if petroleum jelly was put on the underside of the leaf, it would stop more water vapour escaping than if petroleum jelly was added to the top of the leaf or if none was put on at all. This is because at the underside of the leaf are stomata. There is water loss only through stomata. This occurs when heat from the sun causes water to evaporate from the surface of the cellulose wall. The water vapour formed then diffuses into the air. Stomata are found only on the underside of the leaf. When the underside of the leaf is covered in petroleum jelly the water vapour cannot diffuse through it into the air because it is non-permeable. This prevents the loss of water. When petroleum jelly is added to the top of the leaf (or if none is put on the leaf at all) then water vapour inside the leaf can escape through the stomata, which are found only under the leaf. The explanation is correct because there is proof of this on the graph and in the table of results Evaluation There were enough results obtained to draw a firm conclusion. The results were accurate and reliable. In the experiment however there were anomalous results of all of the leaves. Leaf 1 and 3 should have both lost the same amount of water and leaves 2 and 4 should have lost the same amounts of water. This may have happened because the leaves may have not have had the same amount of water in them at the beginning of the test. Also the leaves themselves may not have had equal surface areas. Also the amount of petroleum jelly may not have covered the whole leaf (this may have given unfair advantage to one of the leaves). The readings were not repeated when any of the values did not fit in with the pattern. The readings, which were taken, were far enough to make a firm conclusion. However the experiment could have improved. In the experiment the size and mass of the leaves were approximately the same but more accurate measurements could have been such as weighing the leaves at the start on an electro balance (before the petroleum jelly was added) to make sure the leaves had the same mass. Also the perimeter of the leave could have been measured to make sure the surface area was the same. To make the test more accurate it couldve been done twice. Also when petroleum jelly was added there may have been gaps in between (so water vapour could have diffused), this should have been checked. To take the experiment further it could have been repeated with different specie of leaf to see if the results were the same.

Personal Narrative- Faith Through Grandfathers Surgery :: Personal Narrative

Personal Narrative- Faith Through Grandfather's Surgery At a time when I thought things could not get any worse, I found out that my grandfather would have to go through a triple bypass heart surgery. This news devastated me. My grandfather- Ampaw is what we call him, is not only my grandfather- but also my best friend. He is my role model, and I have an immeasurable love for him. I had just lost my great grandmother, and now my grandfather was going to have to go through a life threatening surgery. The news not only devastated me, but also made me ask â€Å"Why him?† I was fearful of the whole situation, and I wondered why he would have to go through this after just losing his own mother. My grandfather went to a hospital in Houston to have his surgery conducted by a specialist. My grandmother spent day and night in the hospital, never leaving his side. Their five children all took turns staying in the hospital with my grandparents. Most of the time, my mother stayed in Houston, and I stayed with her. To see my grandfather go through that amount of pain was horrible. My heart ached as I prayed for God to heal him and help him though the surgeries. My fear continued to grow at this point, but my grandparent’s faith remained strong. Many obstacles were faced as my grandfather went through the different surgeries. The most amazing thing that I saw while staying in the hospital with my grandparents was how much their faith was involved in every aspect of their lives. My grandparents never lost their faith in God through every obstacle they faced. Their faith in no way was selfish. No matter how bad things seemed to be for themselves, they always took time to pray for the doctor’s and nurse’s needs. Seeing their love for God inspired me. I could see the lessons God was trying to teach me through the whole situation. Although my grandfather’s recovery still caused him some physical struggles, God brought him through and built him up spiritually. His joy for life was overflowing, and his faith was stronger than ever. He knew firsthand, the power of God.

Joy of Life

JOY OF LIFE My dear friends, Everybody wants to live long and stay fit. I have 8 point formula to stay fit and enjoy life†¦.. 1. Forget : Forget about your age, weight and height. Say bye bye to all tined and processed food. Always eat natural and fresh vegetables and fruits. 2. Keep cheerful friends and relatives : Always choose good jolly good friends and enjoy your relationship with good relatives. This will keep you always happy. Laugh with your friends and relatives as and when you have time to celebrate the joy of life. . Always learn something : Always educate yourself till the end of you life. Continue learning is very good and it keeps you busy all the time. You can learn computer, Crafts, Gardening, book writing, language learning and there is no end of learning. 4. Simple living and high thinking : Make your life simple, don’t involve you life in complicated things. Live simple life, Eat simple food, Enjoy simple things in your life. Simplicity is the best in a ll manner.Thank God that you are alive. 6. Keep yourself busy with you hobbies. : Keep yourself busy with your hobbies, music, plants, filing, writing and whatever keeps you busy otherwise you know â€Å"Empty mind is Devil’s workshop†. 7. Take a break : If you feel alone and want to enjoy something else, take a break and visit to your favorite place, mall, garden, picnic spot, riverside, hill station, Temple, church any place where you feel peace of mind. Go for a meditation camp or a yoga camp.Learn how to love peacefully and energetic. 8. Let people aware that you love them, and Always remember : That our live is not measured by age, breaths we take, height etc. It is measured by how you love and enjoy your live. So friends, if you like it please forward it to your friends and relative so that they can share it with someone and enjoy the life at the fullest†¦ You know Life is a gift from God to love and the greatest thing in the world is love†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

What Ethical Issues Does Ethnography Raise How Might We Deal with These?

Ethics can be defined as a â€Å"set of moral principles and beliefs that govern a person’s behaviour or the conducting of an activity† with its main principle of doing ‘good’ and preventing harm (Oxford Dictionaries: 2011). However Orb et al (2002:93) states that Ethical issues can best be described or expressed as the â€Å"tension between the aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others, and the rights of participants to maintain privacy. Ethical issues and moral dilemmas are seen to arise in almost any type of research concerning human participants; in quantitative, biomedical, psychological, anthropological and sociological research. The infringement of some ethical issues which arise are considered to be more serious than others; however in order to minimise these ethical dilemmas, researchers must follow and obey a strict set of ethical guidelines in order to protect and minimise harm caused to participants or research subjects.Ur ie Bronfenbrenner suggests that there is no way of conducting research without breaching the principles of professional ethics, and that the only way of avoiding such dilemmas is to cease the conduct of any research (Fine 1993:267). Clearly there a variety of differing ethical dilemmas which occur in research, however those which arise in ethnographic research are in complete contrast to those ethical dilemmas raised in biomedical or quantitative research, where some might suggest that ethical problems are greater (Alder et al 1986).Punch (1994) goes further in suggesting that qualitative studies such as ethnography rarely, if ever, raise ethical issues (Orb 2000:93); however this statement is heavily debated. This essay aspires to discuss and analyse the ethical issues which arise in ethnography and discuss how valid and harmful these issues really are. The paper will also seek to discuss how researchers may overcome these ethical dilemmas and as to whether they are really effectiv e means to dealing with the issue.However, firstly this essay will commence by giving a brief history of ethics, draw upon problems concerning the ethical review board guidelines and outline two contrasting dimensions of ethics. Today ethics are seen to be used as a tool to guide and direct research studies, however it seems that before the mid 1950’s research studies gave little regard to ethical guidelines or their research subjects causing a great deal of harm and distress to individuals and cultures (Akeroyd 008:133). An extreme example of this happened in America, from 1932 to 1972, many African American people where deliberately left untreated for syphilis as researchers wanted to find out what would happen if the illness was left (Orb 2002:93). Questions are today raised as to whether these studies should be disregarded as so many ethical issues and dilemmas were raised in pioneering research.However, today research studies are under strict regulation and scrutiny from ethical review boards, that have developed guidelines and controls which must be obeyed during any type of research. In the US, the Institutional review board (IRB) review all federally funded projects and require the researchers to follow a strict set of rules whilst conducting their studies, such as informing their participants of the objectives of research, obtaining consent from participants, protecting them from harm and so forth (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340).However the ethical guidelines set by Institutional Review Boards have been criticized greatly by many social scientists claiming that the codes set have been designed around biological or quantitative models of research which are totally inapplicable nor relevant to social research and in particular ethnographic studies (Akeroyd 2008:147). Social scientists argue that the ethical guidelines set are not sensitive to ethnographic research and due to this may cause harm to individuals or groups studied; further they argue that the guidelines are liable to constrict research unnecessarily (Murphy and Dingwall 2007).In ethnographic research it would seem that ethical dilemmas are strongly correlated to the ontological and epistemological foundations of the research. However there seem to be two differing dimensions in explaining ethical issues, firstly is the concequentialist approaches and secondly there is the deontological approaches and in order to accomplish good quality research both approaches must be regarded. The consequentialist approaches are primarily concerned with the outcomes of the research and as too whether the participant is harmed during the study, and if they were, did the ends justified the means?The deontological approaches are on the other hand concerned with the participant’s rights, such as were they treated with respect, informed consent and did were their rights to privacy and autonomy attained (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). Many presume that these approaches are in competition however they are not because in actual fact these two contrasting approaches work in sync in order to protect participants from harm whilst also respecting the rights of participants.Beaucamp et al (1982) were one of the first to consider the consequentialist and deontological approaches and devised a list of ethical principles to be complied with when conducting research (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:340). In their list of principles BeauChamp et al noted Non-maleficience, Beneficence, self-determination and justice. They noted that Non-maleficience, requires the researcher to protect participant from harm and Beneficence suggests that the research must discover and obtain something of significance from the research for it to be ethical; these two approaches fall under the consequentialist approach.The deontological approaches outlined by Beaucamp et al are Self-determination, where the researcher must respect participant’s views and beliefs and Justice where the res earcher is required to treat participants as an equal to themselves. Here firstly the consequentialist approaches to ethics will be discussed. Unlike in biomedical research, if harm occurs within ethnographic fieldwork it is likely to be indirect rather than direct.When biological scientists are testing new drugs or surgery they directly put the research participant under risk of harm and the harm will occur during the procedure; however in ethnography the harm which occurs is not so obvious, visible or direct. It would be foolish to think that ethnographic field work was free from the problem of endangering participants; as it can harm individuals, but just not in the same way as biomedical research. In ethnographic field work if harm has taken place, then the participant will most probably not feel the effects until after the study has ended.In ethnography, if participants are ever harmed, they are usually harmed when the research studies they have participated in have been publis hed or publicized (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341). The reasons which lie behind this are due to the fact that once the work of an ethnographer has been published they have no control over how individuals read or interpret their work and how other people will use their work in the future (Akeroyd 2008). Through the publication of the researchers work research subjects can be put under a great deal of stress, apprehension and embarrassment and through this their confidence and self-worth can become damaged.Participants may become embarrassed about views they hold if they sense that the researcher disagrees with their outlook or if the researcher makes it apparent that they are surprised that they hold such views. Furthermore this embarrassment and anxiousness caused by research may be likely to increase if the media hype the publication of the study, even in cases where the participant’s identity remains anonymous (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:347). An example of a study where the r esearch subject was embarrassed and harmed through the publication of research is ‘Whyte’s Street corner society study’.Richardson (1992:114) writes about ‘Docs’ reaction after reading what was said about him in the study, he suggests that Doc was embarrassed about what was said about him and his sense of pride and self respect was damaged. After the publication of the study ‘Doc’ pleaded with Whyte never to reveal to anyone who he was and to keep his identity anonymous. Boelen writes how ‘Docs’ sons believed that the Street Corner study ruined their father’s life (Richardson 1992:115).In response to this criticism some social scientists have suggested that ethnographers and their participants should work in partnership when producing reports (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). Others have suggested that too deal with such problem, all studies should present their participants with the right to reply. Some research subjects h ave sent letters to their local papers in response to publications they have taken part in. (Slack 2011) Another way in which ethnography is seen to cause harm is through offering ‘tools’ to those in power.Governments and army’s have been seen to use ethnographers in order to manipulate communities and cultures for both economic and political gains. These bodies of power have used ethnography to control those who are weak and powerless. Burgess (1985) suggests that â€Å"ethnographic studies increase knowledge of the adaptive behaviours that actors use of their feelings† (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:341), and we see examples of this happening today. The American department of defence have invested $40 million into a programme they consider to be a â€Å"Crucial new weapon† in their war against the Taliban in Afghanistan. They have hired ocial scientists and anthropologists so that they can grasp an understanding of tribal relations; and as this is seen to be working they are now looking to expand this ‘human terrain team’ (Rohde 2007). The head of the human terrain team see’s the work conducted as vital and defines it as a â€Å"scholar warrior† and as â€Å"rare work of applied scholarship† (Times Higher education 2010). However although it would seem that many anthropologists are happy for their work to play a vital role in shaping military and foreign policy a great number are in firm opposition and are against the militarization of anthropology.Some believe this program is unethical, dangerous and ineffective. They believe it to be unethical as it breaches many ethical codes of practice such as no informed consent and can cause great harm to the research subjects (Network of concerned anthropologists). As previously noted, ethical guidelines state that research should only be authorized and carried out, and is only deemed as ethical if the study has some significant anticipated benefits. Howe ver in ethnography this is a problem. Predicting and anticipating the outcomes and potential benefits prior to research studies is proven to be extremely difficult.In biomedical studies these are much easier to predict and more obvious. However in favour of ethnographic research the risks are not as likely to be as damaging as those displayed in biomedical research (Arskey 2008). It would seem that many would consider that the emotional harm as a result of ethnographic research is far less damaging that that of physical harm such as the testing of new surgery seen in biomedical research; however ultimately the researcher has less control over the participant (Thorne 1980).Harm could also be said to occur in ethnography due to the difficulty in preserving anonymity, as it is clear that no ethnographer can guarantee this. This is due to the fact there is a possibility that field notes transcripts might be read (Murphy and Dingwall 2007). However a suggestion to counteract this problem would be that once researchers have finished with such documents they should destroy them at the earliest possible point they can so that no prying eyes see the information.Furthermore it would seem that there is only ever a small number of qualitative ethnographic research studies ever carried out, and when research is conducted in an overt manner participants will know that the study has taken place and therefore when the work is published will be able to easily identify themselves or their society in the published work. It could also be argued that the close emotional relationships which are formed during ethnographic studies are harmful to research subjects.Unlike in quantitative and biological research, qualitative ethnographic research offers the opportunity for participants and researchers to form close relationships during the period of the study (Richardson 1992). However, when the study finishes and is completed, usually more often than not, the relationship and friendshi p between the participant and the observer also end. This in turn is harming the participant as they are experiencing a loss. Again an example of this can be drawn from the Street Corner Society study conducted by Whyte. Many wonder how ‘Doc’ must have felt after Whyte left, after spending so much time with him.Did ‘Doc’ feel hurt? Because we know that one of the most important thing in ‘Docs’ life was friendships (Richardson 1992:116). Researchers must be careful of the cathartic effects of ethnographic research as the process of legitimise deviant behaviour can be damaging to society, as people may begin to think it is okay to act in such a way. Fine (1993) states that the research conducted on the extremely racist group of the Ku Klux Klan were guilty in doing this. He suggests that the researcher in this study â€Å"dehumanized their informants placing them outside our moral community in the guise of justice† (Fine 1993:272).The rese archer adopted a sympathetic stance to the views of group, and this is clearly not always a positive characteristic, and can be considered to be unethical. In contrast to biological and statistical research, ethnographic work is based on observations and interpretations of what they see. Clearly the researchers own beliefs and values may influence what they write, and what they chose not to write about in their reports. There is much evidence supporting this notion. Fine (1993:227) suggests that readers who believe what they see in quotations marks are foolish because how do they know that is what actually was said or happened.He suggests that maybe what we sometimes see put in quotation marks are lies and misunderstood interpretations. This can be damaging to research subjects or communities under study as they may be portrayed as people they’re not e. g. racist. A programme on Channel 4 called â€Å"Love thy neighbour† is a prime example. In this reality TV show, the village people partake in choosing who gets to live in their village, and as a black family were voted out, these individuals are now portrayed as being racist.However in response to this criticism it could be said that this type of research is ‘conscious raising’, and may get individuals to think twice about their actions and behaviour (Hammersley and Atkinson 1995). The Deontological approaches and dimensions of looking at ethics usually take in to consideration the participant’s rights to privacy respect and self determination that may be infringed. The discussion about privacy and rights within research has been bought to the fore front after the antagonistic response from some previously studied communities, participants and native anthropologists (Murphy and Dingwall 2007:343).Some make the assertion that the rights of the participants are not always regarded just because they have signed a consent form (Akeroyd 2008). Others go further in saying that cons ent forms don’t really protect participants; they are devised primarily to protect the researcher in an event of law action, and in many cases after signing consent forms participants will still be unaware of what the research is about and what their rights are. It is suggested that these consent forms will just reinforce the unequal relationship between the research and their subjects (Homan 1980).Furthermore Price (1996) believes that â€Å"consent forms risk jeopardizing anonymity making people more identifiable† (Murphy and Dingwall 2008:343). Ultimately consent don’t guarantee the total protection of participants identities (Akeroyd 2008). However Bulmer (1980) is a great believer in informed consent, and believes it to be an essential part of any research. Bulmer (1980) is a critic of covert research and argues that this method of research can cause a great deal of harm to participants whilst also violating their rights and autonomy; he sees this type of r esearch as a betrayal of trust.Edward Shills goes further and suggests that this invasion of privacy is a nuisance as it interferes with individual’s lives and cultures (Homan 1980:52). Furthermore critics argue that those who carry out covert research are reinforcing the idea that all social scientists are devious and untrustworthy. However although ethical review boards guidelines and some critics believe that covert research is unethical and breaching the rights of participants, Homan and other supporters of covert research believe that in some cases this research method is acceptable to use, for example a study on secretive communities.Several researchers have adopted the covert role and Laud Humphreys and his ‘Tea Room’ study is one of the most notable; however this study was subject to much scrutiny once it was published as it was seen to be breaching a tremendous amount of ethical guidelines. Questions are raised as to whether it is ethically right to dece ive participants’ but also is it ethically right that research subjects don’t get to know anything about their researchers background as they know so much about theirs. Researchers rarely disclose personal information and if they do some lie.Diane Wolf (1996) claims that many ethnographers have lied about marital status, national identities or religious beliefs; and she is one of those, as during research she lied about her marital status to her research subjects (Denzin & Lincoln 2003). Moral and ethical questions are raised asking whether it is right and proper for the researchers to have all the power in shaping, designing and undertaking studies; researchers are portrayed to be more competent due to this. It is queried whether this is really appropriate? (Denzin & Lincoln 2003).However feminist argue that to evade such a problem the research subjects should be involved in the planning stages of research and have a say in the types of questions asked. However the pr acticality and sensibility of this idea is questioned, is this really an appropriate way of dealing with the problem? Many argue not. Some suggest that this would be impractical and some participants might not want to contribute. It has further been suggested that this is an obscene idea because at the end of the day it is the researcher who has the final word on what is going to be researched (Murphy and Dingwall 2007).Although it would seem the power status between the researcher and research subjects is less reinforced and not so clear within ethnographic research in comparison to other kinds of research; there are some concerns raised about the way that ethnographers can objectify, manipulate and take advantage of research subjects either during the period of the study or in published work. However some argue that the researcher controls are not in fact a breach of the research subjects’ independence and rights, and is not manipulative in anyway (Hammersley & Atkinson 199 5).On the other hand Fine (1993:284) proposes that it is sometimes the case where female ethnographers are objectified rather than the research subjects, due to the fact we live in a sexist world. Moreover Murphy and Dingwall (2007) argue that in some cases it would seem that the research subjects manipulate and exert power over the researchers conducting ethnographic studies. They propose that this happens through refuting the researcher the privilege of conducting research on themselves or their community or through manipulating what they study and not allowing the researcher to have full responsibility and say over the research.However, although it is questionable whether there is a problem of power imbalance between the research and their research subjects, feminists have suggested ways of dealing with this. They attempt to readdress power imbalances in relationships between the researched and researcher, by not enforcing the power the researcher has and balancing relationship s tatuses, making relationships more intimate and authentic (Murphy and Dingwall 2007).However, other critics have replied to this suggesting that the development of closer, sympathetic relationships are far more unethical and dangerous as manipulation on the researchers behalf becomes far easier as participants are more likely disclose thoughts and feeling to whom they feel close to. Furthermore participants may not wish for a relationship with an individual who is researching them (Akeroyd 2008) Once the researcher has published their research findings they usually gain scholarly recognition and financial benefits, whereas the studied groups or individuals gain nothing on this level.As Richardson (1992: 116) points out Whyte is recognised as the single author to the Street Corner Society and â€Å"received all the fame and fortune†, but questions are raised queering if the publication of the study would have been possible at all without ‘Docs’ help . The fortune made in the Street Corner study could have improved ‘Docs’ life a great deal, and a small percentage of the financial could have changed his life. However once the study ended ‘Docs’ fortune did not change, as he remained jobless for practically the rest of his life and living on the bread line.However it would seem that some researchers believe that through giving participants feedback and insight to the research moral dilemma of their financial and scholarly gains are resolved. On the other hand other ethnographic researchers may not feel that this enough and share the royalties from their published work (Slack 2011). Finally a further ethical dilemma concerning ethnographic research methods is that all the data and publications are based primarily on the interpretations made by the researcher, but it is queried whether the researcher has the right to do so (Hammersley & Atkinson 1995).As Calvino (1998:257) states, communities or subjects can become †˜confrontational’ if they feel that the interpretations made of them are inaccurate and mistaken. Murphy and Dingwall (2007) claim that for research to be ethical they must produce accounts that convey the research subjects standpoints and views. However it is argued that ethnographers can and do sometimes take advantage of their empowered roles and construct their own versions of events and interpret data in ways they wish to display such groups.However in order to overcome this dilemma, it has been recommended that researchers should back their analysis and understanding with proof and verification that what was said and done did really happen (Akeroyd 2008). Therefore in conclusion, it is evident that ethnography can and does raise some ethical dilemmas causing harm and infringes the rights of many participants; however it is the duty and obligation of researchers to minimise these effects, even if they hold negative views and dislike the research subjects.Furthermore it is somewhat clear that ethnography can give valuable insights in to unexplored cultures and individuals, however on the negative side it is also seen as a damaging ‘tool’ used by those in power . It is obvious that today, unlike in the past, practically all research abides by ethical guidelines, set by ethical review boards and if they don’t researchers are held liable. Nevertheless, in the near future it is imperative that ethical guidelines should be amended so that they are specific to the issues surrounding ethnography. It is clear that this is the only way that ethnography will be almost fully ethical.

Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings

â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t... Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings Free Essays on Anaylisis Of Jennings â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† Marianne Jennings’ essay â€Å"The Real Generation Gap† tries to make the argument that differences between Generation X and the previous ones is widening and slumping in a downward direction. She urges parents to fight out against this downward slope but never can truly sway opinion because of her poor logos. She bases much of her arguments upon her personal experience as a mother, her own personal opinion, assumption, and the assertion that Christians (mainly Catholics) have the correct formula for living a moral life. Contradictions of her points and her harsh tone at times take away from her ethos. She does do an adequate job with her pathos when appealing to people’s basic moral values and the simple organization of the five topics: â€Å"skills, knowledge, critical thinking, work, and morality† is also helpful (298). Contradiction is a problem that takes place early on in the first two paragraphs. She asserts that the members of Generation X â€Å"know nothing at all about†¦ John Wayne, [and] Babe Ruth† who she thinks would be proper role models. In the very next sentence she says, â€Å"[the members of Generation X’s] favorite role models are the type of celebrities seen on MTV, ESPN, and the cover of People†. The contradiction happens here because we realize that ESPN is a sports magazine which has featured Babe Ruth many times and that People is a movie magazine and that John Wayne was a movie star. Not only does this contradiction hurt her logos but it also harms her ethos. Since she states that these two men are proper role models, then we can assume that they are also her role models, but neither of the two are viewed as pure and entirely good; it is quite the opposite. Babe Ruth was known to cheat on his wife and it ended their marriage, yet in the first pa ragraph she speaks bad about how Generation X is full of â€Å"broken homes†. John Wayne is also considered one of t...

Binomial and Black and Scholes Pricing models Essay Example for Free

Binomial and Black and Scholes Pricing models Essay The binomial and the Black and Schole models are option valuing models, the Binomial model involves determining the value of options using a tree like format whereby the value of the option is determined by the expiration time period of the option and volatility, for the Black and Schole model the value of options is determined by simply getting a derivative that helps get the discount rates of options. Binomial pricing model: The binomial pricing model was introduced by Ross, Cox and Rubinstein in 1979; it provides a numerical method, in which valuation of options can be undertaken. Application: This model breaks down the option into many potential outcomes during the time period of the option, this steps form a tree like format where by the model assumes that the value of the option will rise or go down, this value is calculated and it is determined by the expiration time and volatility. Finally at the end of the tree of the option the final possible value is determined because the value is equal to the intrinsic value. Assumptions: †¢ The model also assumes that the market is efficient in that people cannot predict the direction of change in the stock prices. †¢ The interest rates are constant and known and therefore they do not change in the time we consider an option. †¢ The model assumes that there are no dividends paid during the period in which one considers the option. †¢ The model assumes that the returns on the stocks are normally distributed. †¢ It also assumes that no commission is paid when buying or selling stock. Binomial and Black and Scholes Pricing models. (2016, Aug 11).

Vulnerable Population and Self- Awareness Research Paper

Vulnerable Population and Self- Awareness - Research Paper Example Primarily, intellectual disability is associated with many stereotypes and myths by many individuals. The culture has engraved some biases and stereotypes on the condition, as well as on the individuals suffering from the condition. Moreover, some families are reluctant to seek medical intervention for fear of being stigmatized by the rest of the community, while other families have resulted in uncouth way of dealing with the sufferers. The result of this is that the sufferers of intellectual disabilities have agonized in this condition, which can otherwise be managed, treated or even reversed. One of the biases associated to intellectual disability sufferers is that they have a lower life expectancy compared to other normal people. However, studies have shown that there is no clear link between severity of intellectual disability and survival of individuals. In addition, research shows that â€Å"the average life expectancy were found to be 74.0, 67.6, and 58.6 years for people with mild, moderate, and severe levels of handicap† (Bittles, et al. 2001). On the other hand, the mild cognitive disability is said to be three times common than the other types. Moreover, there are diseases that are linked with people with mental retardation they include cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, vision, and hearing impairments and hyperactivity disorder. The number of people living with ID, getting married and raising a family has been rising in the recent years. This is unlike in the past when people with cognitive disability where thought to be unfit for this role, especially parenting; however, â€Å"with proper support, adequate education, counseling programmes, social and government support they can sustain meaningful enriching relationships† (May, 2000, p. 121). Despite this happening, compared to normal people, the couples with ID generally have lower family sizes, with